Water Demand Estimation in Service Areas with Limited Numbers of Customer Meters—Case Study in Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) Lahore, Pakistan

The Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) of Lahore, Pakistan, supplies water to 5.29 million people through 598 tube wells but faces difficulties in meeting rapidly increasing demand, lowering groundwater table, high energy costs, low tariffs. However, the actual consumption loss have never been estimated due meter outages. This study aimed estimate consumption, production, losses for WASA Lahore service area, using limited number working meters pump operation data. was by 14,030 customer meters; population census 44.02 m3 per connection month, or 200 L capita day, while production 79.8 connection. significantly higher than non-revenue water, with an average 45.4% (ranging from 35.9–69.4%). Due electricity has had cut their supply hours. Therefore, leakage reduction programs must be implemented high-water-loss townships found this order meet reduce alleviate table drawdown.